Unifiram
From €39.28
Unifiram, Powder
Unifiram (DM-232) is a highly potent AMPAkine-like nootropic with antiamnesic and cognition-enhancing effects at up to three orders of magnitude higher potency than piracetam.
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Unifiram (DM-232) – Powder
Overview: High-Potency Experimental Nootropic & Synthetic Racetam Analogue
At a Glance
| Attribute | Summary / Detail |
|---|---|
| What is it? | An experimental “nootropic” (cognition-enhancing) compound, code-named DM-232, created in an academic lab in Italy in the early 2000s. |
| What’s it related to? | Piracetam (chemically) and the “ampakine” family (behaviorally), plus its better-known sibling Sunifiram (DM-235). |
| What does it do? | In animals, it potently blocks several kinds of experimentally induced amnesia and boosts memory-related brain signals. |
| How strong is it? | Roughly 1,000–10,000 times more potent by weight than piracetam — effective at tiny doses of a fraction of a milligram per kilogram. |
| How does it work? | Honestly, we don’t know. It doesn’t act like a classic ampakine, even though it’s often marketed that way. |
| Human testing? | No. No formal human clinical trials exist in peer-reviewed literature. |
| Legal status | Generally unscheduled, but unapproved and unregulated. |
1. What actually is Unifiram?
Unifiram is a small synthetic molecule with an unassuming job description: it was designed to be a “piracetam, but much, much stronger.”
For context, piracetam is the grandfather of the “racetam” family — a gentle, low-side-effect drug used for decades in some countries for cognitive decline, though its effects in healthy people are notoriously subtle. One of the main reasons piracetam never became a blockbuster is that you need gram-scale doses.
Unifiram was an attempt to fix that problem. Chemists at the University of Florence (led by Fulvio Gualtieri, Dina Manetti, and Maria Novella Romanelli, working with pharmacologists Carla Ghelardini and Nicoletta Galeotti) set out to build new molecules inspired by piracetam’s shape. Two compounds stood out: DM-232 (Unifiram) and DM-235 (Sunifiram).
First described in 2000, these molecules produced effects comparable to piracetam at doses a thousand to ten thousand times lower.
If piracetam is a big pot of weak tea you sip all day, Unifiram is a single espresso shot. Same general “direction” of effect — but delivered with dramatically more power per milligram.
Chemistry & Naming Specifications
- Official Name: 2-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-6(2H)-one (Formula: C₁₃H₁₅FN₂O₃S).
- Code Name Origin: The “DM” prefix denotes internal lab labeling (chemist Dina Manetti), not a commercial brand.
- Stereochemistry: Exists in mirror-image forms (enantiomers). The “right-handed” (dextro, (R)-(+)) version is the more active isomer, indicating specific receptor docking.
- Structural Relatives: Sunifiram (DM-235) and Sapunifiram (MN-19). Notably, Sunifiram lacks the 2-pyrrolidinone ring entirely while maintaining high potency.
- Intellectual Property: The compound was never patented, heavily shaping its academic and grey-market trajectory.
2. The Brain Background: What Does a “Memory Enhancer” Mean?
Neurons communicate across tiny gaps called synapses using chemical messengers like glutamate, the brain’s primary fast-signaling “GO” neurotransmitter. Receiving cells feature specialized proteins on their surface called AMPA receptors.
When AMPA receptors bind glutamate, positive ions rush into the cell, triggering rapid excitatory transmission. This mechanism underpins long-term potentiation (LTP) — the cellular basis for synaptic strengthening and memory formation.
If glutamate is the hand pressing a button, an ampakine is like someone leaning on the volume knob so the signal sounds louder. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) enhance the response to natural neurotransmitter release without directly firing the receptor themselves.
While Unifiram became heavily associated with the ampakine class, subsequent pharmacological evidence indicates it does not act as a direct AMPA receptor PAM, highlighting a frequent gap between perceived and actual mechanisms in experimental compounds.
3. Preclinical Research: From Piracetam to High Potency
Initial evaluations used the mouse passive-avoidance test and spatial mazes to measure cognitive recovery in chemically induced amnesia models. Tiny doses (approximately **0.01–0.1 mg/kg**) successfully reversed deficits induced by multiple pharmacological agents:
- Scopolamine: Cholinergic blockade model
- Mecamylamine: Nicotinic receptor antagonist
- Baclofen: GABA-B receptor activator
- Clonidine: Alpha-2 adrenergic sedative
- NBQX: AMPA receptor blocker
- Enhanced hippocampal synaptic signal strength (LTP-like potentiation)
- Increased cortical acetylcholine release
- Shortened barbiturate sleep time (mild arousal indicator)
- No reported motor coordination deficits at therapeutic test doses
4. The Mechanism Mystery: Powerful, But How?
Despite robust behavioral activity in animals, receptor screening panels (such as NIMH PDSP assays) show that Unifiram exhibits virtually no direct binding affinity for standard neurotransmitter systems (glutamate, GABA, monoamines, acetylcholine, or opioids) at concentrations up to 1 micromolar.
Unifiram’s exact molecular target remains unconfirmed. While structural analogues like Sunifiram point toward NMDA glycine-site interactions and kinase activation (CaMKII, PKC), Unifiram’s precise cascade is classified as pleiotropic—modulating multiple systems indirectly without acting as a simple, direct receptor agonist.
5. Safety Profile & Research Considerations
- Zero Human Clinical Data: All efficacy and behavioral parameters derive strictly from rodent models. Animal pharmacokinetics do not translate reliably to humans.
- Absence of Toxicology: Formal long-term toxicology, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity evaluations are absent from published literature.
- High Potency Risks: Operating in microgram-to-milligram effective ranges dramatically elevates the risk of accidental overdosing, volumetric dosing errors, and purity discrepancies with grey-market powders.
6. Conclusion & Research Summary
Unifiram stands as a fascinating case study in academic medicinal chemistry: a compound engineered from a weak scaffold to achieve thousands of times higher potency, capable of robust memory rescue in animal models, yet held back by an unresolved mechanism and a complete absence of human trials.
Unifiram remains an experimental research chemical with profound theoretical potency, but minimal empirical safety data outside of foundational animal models.
Supplied strictly for laboratory research and analytical evaluation purposes. Unifiram is not approved by the FDA or any regulatory body for human consumption, clinical use, or as a dietary supplement. Purchaser assumes full responsibility for compliance with local and international regulations.
Lab analysis — Certificates of Analysis
Every batch is independently tested by HPLC/LC-MS. Purity for current lots: ≥98%. Select a lot to view the full report.
Chemical Informations
| CAS Number: | 272786-64-8 |
|---|---|
| Purity: | ≥99% |
| Molecular Weight: | 298.33 g/mol |
| Melting Point: | Unknown |
| Molecular Formula: | C13H15FN2O3S |
| Synonyms: | RS-2-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-6(2H)-one, DM-232 |
| PubChem CID: | 9861054 |
| SMILES: | C1CC(=O)N2C1CN(CC2)S(=O)(=O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)F |
Technical Information:
| Application: | DM232 (unifiram) is a AMPAkine-like nootropic three orders of magnitude more potent than piracetam in animal studies. |
|---|---|
| Appearance: | White or off-white powder |
| Physical State: | Solid |
| Solubility: | Soluble to 5 mM in Ethanol, Sparingly soluble in Water. |
| Storage: | Store at room temperature or cooler, in a sealed airtight container, protected from heat, light and humidity. |
| Stability: | Stable for at least two years when stored as above. |
Unifiram (DM-232) – Powder
Overview: High-Potency Experimental Nootropic & Synthetic Racetam Analogue
At a Glance
| Attribute | Summary / Detail |
|---|---|
| What is it? | An experimental “nootropic” (cognition-enhancing) compound, code-named DM-232, created in an academic lab in Italy in the early 2000s. |
| What’s it related to? | Piracetam (chemically) and the “ampakine” family (behaviorally), plus its better-known sibling Sunifiram (DM-235). |
| What does it do? | In animals, it potently blocks several kinds of experimentally induced amnesia and boosts memory-related brain signals. |
| How strong is it? | Roughly 1,000–10,000 times more potent by weight than piracetam — effective at tiny doses of a fraction of a milligram per kilogram. |
| How does it work? | Honestly, we don’t know. It doesn’t act like a classic ampakine, even though it’s often marketed that way. |
| Human testing? | No. No formal human clinical trials exist in peer-reviewed literature. |
| Legal status | Generally unscheduled, but unapproved and unregulated. |
1. What actually is Unifiram?
Unifiram is a small synthetic molecule with an unassuming job description: it was designed to be a “piracetam, but much, much stronger.”
For context, piracetam is the grandfather of the “racetam” family — a gentle, low-side-effect drug used for decades in some countries for cognitive decline, though its effects in healthy people are notoriously subtle. One of the main reasons piracetam never became a blockbuster is that you need gram-scale doses.
Unifiram was an attempt to fix that problem. Chemists at the University of Florence (led by Fulvio Gualtieri, Dina Manetti, and Maria Novella Romanelli, working with pharmacologists Carla Ghelardini and Nicoletta Galeotti) set out to build new molecules inspired by piracetam’s shape. Two compounds stood out: DM-232 (Unifiram) and DM-235 (Sunifiram).
First described in 2000, these molecules produced effects comparable to piracetam at doses a thousand to ten thousand times lower.
If piracetam is a big pot of weak tea you sip all day, Unifiram is a single espresso shot. Same general “direction” of effect — but delivered with dramatically more power per milligram.
Chemistry & Naming Specifications
- Official Name: 2-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-6(2H)-one (Formula: C₁₃H₁₅FN₂O₃S).
- Code Name Origin: The “DM” prefix denotes internal lab labeling (chemist Dina Manetti), not a commercial brand.
- Stereochemistry: Exists in mirror-image forms (enantiomers). The “right-handed” (dextro, (R)-(+)) version is the more active isomer, indicating specific receptor docking.
- Structural Relatives: Sunifiram (DM-235) and Sapunifiram (MN-19). Notably, Sunifiram lacks the 2-pyrrolidinone ring entirely while maintaining high potency.
- Intellectual Property: The compound was never patented, heavily shaping its academic and grey-market trajectory.
2. The Brain Background: What Does a “Memory Enhancer” Mean?
Neurons communicate across tiny gaps called synapses using chemical messengers like glutamate, the brain’s primary fast-signaling “GO” neurotransmitter. Receiving cells feature specialized proteins on their surface called AMPA receptors.
When AMPA receptors bind glutamate, positive ions rush into the cell, triggering rapid excitatory transmission. This mechanism underpins long-term potentiation (LTP) — the cellular basis for synaptic strengthening and memory formation.
If glutamate is the hand pressing a button, an ampakine is like someone leaning on the volume knob so the signal sounds louder. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) enhance the response to natural neurotransmitter release without directly firing the receptor themselves.
While Unifiram became heavily associated with the ampakine class, subsequent pharmacological evidence indicates it does not act as a direct AMPA receptor PAM, highlighting a frequent gap between perceived and actual mechanisms in experimental compounds.
3. Preclinical Research: From Piracetam to High Potency
Initial evaluations used the mouse passive-avoidance test and spatial mazes to measure cognitive recovery in chemically induced amnesia models. Tiny doses (approximately **0.01–0.1 mg/kg**) successfully reversed deficits induced by multiple pharmacological agents:
- Scopolamine: Cholinergic blockade model
- Mecamylamine: Nicotinic receptor antagonist
- Baclofen: GABA-B receptor activator
- Clonidine: Alpha-2 adrenergic sedative
- NBQX: AMPA receptor blocker
- Enhanced hippocampal synaptic signal strength (LTP-like potentiation)
- Increased cortical acetylcholine release
- Shortened barbiturate sleep time (mild arousal indicator)
- No reported motor coordination deficits at therapeutic test doses
4. The Mechanism Mystery: Powerful, But How?
Despite robust behavioral activity in animals, receptor screening panels (such as NIMH PDSP assays) show that Unifiram exhibits virtually no direct binding affinity for standard neurotransmitter systems (glutamate, GABA, monoamines, acetylcholine, or opioids) at concentrations up to 1 micromolar.
Unifiram’s exact molecular target remains unconfirmed. While structural analogues like Sunifiram point toward NMDA glycine-site interactions and kinase activation (CaMKII, PKC), Unifiram’s precise cascade is classified as pleiotropic—modulating multiple systems indirectly without acting as a simple, direct receptor agonist.
5. Safety Profile & Research Considerations
- Zero Human Clinical Data: All efficacy and behavioral parameters derive strictly from rodent models. Animal pharmacokinetics do not translate reliably to humans.
- Absence of Toxicology: Formal long-term toxicology, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity evaluations are absent from published literature.
- High Potency Risks: Operating in microgram-to-milligram effective ranges dramatically elevates the risk of accidental overdosing, volumetric dosing errors, and purity discrepancies with grey-market powders.
6. Conclusion & Research Summary
Unifiram stands as a fascinating case study in academic medicinal chemistry: a compound engineered from a weak scaffold to achieve thousands of times higher potency, capable of robust memory rescue in animal models, yet held back by an unresolved mechanism and a complete absence of human trials.
Unifiram remains an experimental research chemical with profound theoretical potency, but minimal empirical safety data outside of foundational animal models.
Supplied strictly for laboratory research and analytical evaluation purposes. Unifiram is not approved by the FDA or any regulatory body for human consumption, clinical use, or as a dietary supplement. Purchaser assumes full responsibility for compliance with local and international regulations.
Lab analysis — Certificates of Analysis
Every batch is independently tested by HPLC/LC-MS. Purity for current lots: ≥98%. Select a lot to view the full report.
Chemical Informations
| CAS Number: | 272786-64-8 |
|---|---|
| Purity: | ≥99% |
| Molecular Weight: | 298.33 g/mol |
| Melting Point: | Unknown |
| Molecular Formula: | C13H15FN2O3S |
| Synonyms: | RS-2-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-6(2H)-one, DM-232 |
| PubChem CID: | 9861054 |
| SMILES: | C1CC(=O)N2C1CN(CC2)S(=O)(=O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)F |
Technical Information:
| Application: | DM232 (unifiram) is a AMPAkine-like nootropic three orders of magnitude more potent than piracetam in animal studies. |
|---|---|
| Appearance: | White or off-white powder |
| Physical State: | Solid |
| Solubility: | Soluble to 5 mM in Ethanol, Sparingly soluble in Water. |
| Storage: | Store at room temperature or cooler, in a sealed airtight container, protected from heat, light and humidity. |
| Stability: | Stable for at least two years when stored as above. |
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